زمان های ساده و استمراری

در این بخش به بررسی زمان های استمراری و ساده خواهیم پرداخت. یک قانون سرانگشتی بیان می کند که اگر زمان های استمراری را با افعال کنشی بکار ببرید . افعالی که نمی توان بصورت استمراری مورد استفاده قرار داد به قرار زیر هستند:

افعالی که حالت استمراری نمی گیرند

حالت های ذهنی

know believe imagine want realize feel doubt need understand suppose remember prefer recognize think forget mean

حالت های عاطفی

love hate fear mind like dislike envy care appreciate

مالکیت

possess have own belong

دریافت های حسی

taste hear see smell feel

حالت های موجود دیگر

seem cost be consist of look owe exist contain appear weigh include

استثاهای زیر نیز از قانون بالا تبعیت نمی کنند


think -- I am thinking about this grammar
have -- She is having a good time.
taste -- The chef is tasting the sauce
smell -- He is smelling the flowers.
see -- I am seeing the doctor this afternoon.
feel -- Peter isn't feeling very well today.
look -- They are looking at the picture.
appear -- The big star is appearing at the local theater.
weigh -- The butcher is weighing the steak.
be -- Sally is being stupid.

 

با در نظر گرفتن این افعال کاربرد زمان های استمراری ساده (گذشته، حال و آینده) و زمان های ساده (گذشته ساده و آینده) را مرور کنید.

زمان های استمراری ساده (گذشته، حال و آینده)

1) عمل استمراری: برای تأکید بر ماهیت استمراری یک فعالیت مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد.

مثال ها:

•  I was watching television at 8 o'clock last night.
• Fred is speaking on the telephone at the moment.
• They will be eating lunch at Harold's tomorrow.

2) عملی که در حال انجام توسط عملی دیگر قطع شود:

•  I was watching television when Susan telephoned.
• They will be working in the garden when you arrive.

3) دو عمل استمراری که همزمان در حال انجام هستند.

Peter was cooking dinner while I was working at the computer.

زمان های ساده (گذشته، حال و آینده)

1) عملی که عادتی است: در مورد اعمال تکراری، عادی و عادتی مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد.

•  I went to school at 8 o'clock when I was a child.

•  I usually take the bus to work He'll commute to work after he moves.

2) عمل غیر استمراری

• he boys bought some new coats yesterday.

• They will arrive at 7 o'clock

3) عملی که عادتی است

She kept the books and he advised the clients at their last job..

کاربردهای خاص حالت استمراری: ما اغلب از حالت استمراری برای بیان ناراحتی خود از تکرار عملی استفاده می کنیم. در چنین مواردی از کلماتی مانند always, forever, continually و غیره استفاده می کنیم.

Tom is always complaining about his job!

Mary was forever leaving work early
 

پس از مرور بخش قبلی تست های زیر را انجام دهید تا میزان دانش خود را ارزیابی کرده باشید. پاسخ تست ها در پایین صفحه آمده است:

 

• When you arrive tomorrow, I a) will cooking b) will be cooking c) cook dinner.
  _____

• Tom a) was washing the car b) washed the car while I was reading the newspaper.
  _____

• They a) visited b) was visiting the Metropolitan Museum of Art yesterday.
  _____

• She a) will be participating b) will participate in tomorrow's race.
  _____

• Jack a) always complains b) is always complaining about how little he earns.
  _____

• They a) will be going b) will go to work by train for the next month.
  _____

• Frank a) is thinking b) thinks Peter is a bit stupid at the moment.
  _____

• Debbie a) is smelling b) smells the flowers in the garden now.
  _____

• I a) was working b) worked in the basement when you a) were arriving b) arrived.
   

پاسخ سؤال ها:

• When you arrive tomorrow, I a) will cooking b) will be cooking c) cook dinner.
  b

• Tom a) was washing the car b) washed the car at the same time I was reading the newspaper.
  a

• They a) visited b) was visiting the Metropolitan Museum of Art yesterday.
  a

• She a) will be participating b) will participate in tomorrow's race.
  b

• Jack a) always complains b) is always complaining about how little he earns.
  b

• They a) will be going b) will go to work by train for the next month.
  b

• Frank a) is thinking b) thinks Peter is a bit stupid at the moment.
  b

• Debbie a) is smelling b) smells the flowers in the garden now.
  a

• I a) was working b) worked in the basement when you a) were arriving b) arrived.
  
  a, b