نشانگرهای گفتمان: ارتباط ایده ها به یکدیگر در زبان انگلیسی

برخی از کلمات و عبارت ها در ارتباط دادن ایده ها به یکدیگر نقش مهمی دارند. این کلمات و عبارت ها گاهی اوقات نشانگرهای متن Discourse Marker نامیده می شوند. به خاطر داشته باشید که این نشانگرها حالتی رسمی به جمله می دهند و بیشتر در زبان نوشتاری برای ارتباط دادن اطلاعات به یکدیگر مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند.

with regard to; regarding; as regards; as far as ……… is concerned, as for (به معنی "با توجه به")

این اصطلاحات توجه شنونده را به آنچه در پی خواهد آمد جلب می کنند. این مسئله با بیان فاعل در ابتدای جمله شکل می گیرد. as regards و as far as گاهی اوقات نشانگر تغییر نهاد در جمله را در پی دارد.

مثال ها:

His grades in science subjects are excellent. As regards humanities …
With regard to the latest market figures we can see that ...
Regarding our efforts to improve the local economy, we have made ...
As far as I am concerned, we should continue to develop our resources.
As for John's thoughts, let's take a look at this report he sent me.

on the other hand; while; whereas (به بیان دیگر، در عین حال)

این اصطلاحات بیانگر دو ایده متفاوت که در تناقض با یکدیگر نیستند مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد.

مثال ها:

Football is popular in England, while in Australia they prefer cricket.
We've been steadily improving our customer service center. On the other hand our shipping department needs to be redesigned.
Jack thinks we're ready to begin whereas Tom things we still need to wait.

however, nonetheless, nevertheless (به معنی "با این وجود")

از تمامی این کلمات برای بیان دو ایده متضاد استفاده می شود.

مثال ها:

Smoking is proved to be dangerous to the health. Nonetheless, 40% of the population smokes.
Our teacher promised to take us on a field trip. However, he changed his mind last week.
Peter was warned not to invest all of his savings in the stock market. Nevertheless, he invested and lost everything.

moreover, furthermore, in addition (علاوه بر این)

از این اصطلاحات برای اضافه کردن اطلاعات به آنچه گفته شده استفاده می شود. اضافه کردن این کلمات نسبت به بیان لیستی طولانی از مواردی که با and به یکدیگر متصل می شوند، از وقار بیشتری برخوردار است.

مثال ها:

His problems with his parents are extremely frustrating. Moreover, there seems to be no easy solution to them.
I assured him that I would come to his presentation. Furthermore, I also invited a number of important representatives from the local chamber of commerce.
Our energy bills have been increasing steadily. In addition to these costs, our telephone costs have doubled over the past six months.

therefore, as a result, consequently (در نتیجه، بیانگر)

این اصطلاحات بیانگر بخشی از جمله هستند که که به جهت منطقی ادامه بخش اولیه جمله است.

مثال ها:

He reduced the amount of time studying for his final exams. As a result, his marks were rather low.
We've lost over 3,000 customers over the past six months. Consequently, we have been forced to cut back our advertising budget.
The government has drastically reduced its spending. Therefore, a number of programs have been canceled.